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MobileNet网络是Google提出主要应用在移动端的轻量级CNN网络，之前的文章（CNN模型之MobileNet）已经对MobileNetv1版本进行了详细的介绍。目前，Google已经公开了MobileNetv2，它相比v1更高效。MobileNetv2依然使用v1中的depthwise separable convolution，区别在于v2又引入了残差结构和bottleneck层，这种新的结构称为Bottleneck residual block。
Depthwise Separable Convolution
Depthwise Separable Convolution是MobileNetv1所采用的核心结构，如图 1所示，它包含一个depthwise卷积和1x1卷积（或者称为pointwise卷积），这种结构将空间相关性和通道相关性分离（见Xception文章），相比传统的卷积，它可以减少约$k^2$计算复杂度，当卷积核$k=3$时，大约比原来计算花费少8~9倍，但是却在准确度方面损失很少。MobileNetv2作为v1的升级版，也主要采用Depthwise Separable Convolution结构。
Linear Bottlenecks
对于CNN网络某一层 的特征图，其维度大小为
，我们感兴趣的是它的核心信息，这里称为“主要流形”（manifold of interest）。而“主要流形”是可以用一个低维度空间来表达的。这实际上是说神经网络某层特征，其主要信息可以用一个低维度特征来表征。据此，我们可以在网络引入“bottlenck layer”来表征某一个深层特征的“主要流形”，作者发现这个“bottlenck layer”最好采用线性激活，而不是采用ReLU，因为在“bottlenck layer”采用非线性激活会损失很多信息，毕竟特征已经在低维度空间（paper中有理论分析和实验证明）。在Depthwise Separable Convolution引入“bottlenck layer”后，结构如图2所示，其中浅色代表的是下一个block的开始，并且注意方块代表的是特征图，而红色映射才是卷积或者ReLU操作。图2-a是常规的卷积，而图2-b是Depthwise Separable Convolution，这在MobileNetv1中大量使用。当在Depthwise Separable Convolution后面加入“bottlenck layer”就变成了图2-c，但是考虑到block是互相堆积的，调整一下视角，如果将“bottlenck layer”看成block的输入，那么这种结构也等价于图2-d。对于图2-d，block中开始的1x1卷积层称为“expansion layer”，它的通道大小（inner size）和输入bottleneck层的通道大小之比，称为扩展比（expansion ratio）。扩展层之后是depthwise卷积，然后采用1x1卷积得到block的输出特征，这个卷积后面没有非线性激活。对于图2-d这种结构，block的输入和输出特征是bottleneck特征，所以这个block称为bottleneck block，至于为什么要采用图2-d的视角，而不是图2-c，后面会有说明。
Inverted Residuals
当我们在上面的block中加入短路连接，它就变成了残差结构，但是这个shortcut connection是在bottlenecks之间。这与常规的残差block是相反的，因为residual block一般先采用bottleneck layer进行降维，最后进行扩展。两者的差异如图3所示，可以看到两者的bottleneck的位置恰恰相反，paper里面称这种相反的残差block为inverted residual block。前面也说了，大家可能会疑惑为什么要采用这种相反的结构呢，paper说这种结果可以在实现上减少内存的使用，这点paper里面有详细的说明，另外一点是这种相反的结构从实验结果上也更好一点。
网络结构
前面我们讲了MobileNetv2相比v1的两个主要改进：linear bottleneck和inverted residual。改进后的新结构称为bottleneck residual block，表1给出了这个block的内部结构，其中t是扩展比。
Bottleneck residual block其实包含3层卷积操作，图4更直观的给出了block的内部结构。首先是一个1x1的卷积，称为expansion layer，它将输入的通道维度从k变换为tk，在实际中t取大于1的值最有效，paper里面的默认值t=6。然后是3x3的depthwise conv，每个通道上是单独卷积的。最后是一个projection layer，它将得到block的输入特征，一般情形下是降低通道大小的，所以是bottleneck layer，如前面所述，bottleneck后面没有采用非线性激活。这种结构一个有意思的特征是它将网络的容量（capacity）和表达力（expressiveness）分离开来。其中bottleneck layer负责的是输入和输出之间的转换，这可以看成capacity，而中间的expansion layer充当的是非线性变换，可以看成是expressiveness。
这篇博客（MobileNet version 2）对这种结构给出了一个有趣的解释，如5所示。其中expansion layer可以看做解压器，类似unzip，将特征恢复到高维空间，而 depthwise layer可以看成过滤器，筛选比较重要的特征，最后projection layer将其压缩到低维空间。
MobileNetv2与其它网络的对比如图6所示，值得注意的对于stride=2的block没有采用残差结构。
将block堆积起来，就形成最终的MobileNetv2网络，各个block设计如表2所示，其中t是扩展比，c是block的输出特征的channel大小，n是block的重复次数，s是stride，注意只有对于重复的block只有开始的s才是2。另外与MobileNetv1类似，v2也设计了width multiplier和输入大小两个超参数控制网络的参数量，表2中默认的是width multiplier=1.0，输入大小是224x224。输入大小影响的是特征图空间大小，而width multiplier影响的是特征图channel大小。输入大小可以从96到224，而width multiplier可以从0.35到1.4。值得注意的一点是当width multiplier小于1时，不对最后一个卷积层的channel进行调整以保证性能，即维持1280。
MobileNetv2在ImageNet上分类效果与其它网络对比如表3所示，可以看到在同样参数大小下，MobileNetv2比MobileNetv1和ShuffleNet要好，而且速度也更快一些。另外MobileNetv2还可以应用在语义分割（DeepLab）和目标检测（SSD）中，也得到了较好的结果。
TensorFlow上的实现
Google已经开源了MobileNetv2的代码，其基于TensorFlow/slim框架实现，slim是一个较好的CNN轻量级框架。这里给出简化版本的实现。
对于MobileNetv2的实际实现中，会对channel进行一些限制，如保证channel的最小值以及是8的倍数，所以会存在如下的辅助函数：
def _make_divisible(v, divisor, min_value=None):
"""make `v` is divided exactly by `divisor`, but keep the min_value"""
if min_value is None:
min_value = divisor
new_v = max(min_value, int(v + divisor / 2) // divisor * divisor)
# Make sure that round down does not go down by more than 10%.
if new_v < 0.9 * v:
new_v += divisor
return new_v
@slim.add_arg_scope
def _depth_multiplier_func(params,
multiplier,
divisible_by=8,
min_depth=8):
"""get the new channles"""
if 'num_outputs' not in params:
return
d = params['num_outputs']
params['num_outputs'] = _make_divisible(d * multiplier, divisible_by,
min_depth)这些对于通过width multiplier改变channel大小做了一定的限制。然后我们实现网络最核心的结构Bottleneck residual block：
@slim.add_arg_scope
def expanded_conv(x,
num_outputs,
expansion=6,
stride=1,
rate=1,
normalizer_fn=slim.batch_norm,
project_activation_fn=tf.identity,
padding="SAME",
scope=None):
"""The expand conv op in MobileNetv2
1x1 conv -> depthwise 3x3 conv -> 1x1 linear conv
"""
with tf.variable_scope(scope, default_name="expanded_conv") as s, \
tf.name_scope(s.original_name_scope):
prev_depth = x.get_shape().as_list()[3]
# the filters of expanded conv
inner_size = prev_depth * expansion
net = x
# only inner_size > prev_depth, use expanded conv
if inner_size > prev_depth:
net = slim.conv2d(net, inner_size, 1, normalizer_fn=normalizer_fn,
scope="expand")
# depthwise conv
net = slim.separable_conv2d(net, num_outputs=None, kernel_size=3,
depth_multiplier=1, stride=stride,
rate=rate, normalizer_fn=normalizer_fn,
padding=padding, scope="depthwise")
# projection
net = slim.conv2d(net, num_outputs, 1, normalizer_fn=normalizer_fn,
activation_fn=project_activation_fn, scope="project")
# residual connection
if stride == 1 and net.get_shape().as_list()[-1] == prev_depth:
net += x
return net这里的实现相比官方实现做了一定的简化，官方代码中包含很多灵活的参数，但是在实际中却没有采用，所以我选择了paper中的默认配置。注意这里的rate参数主要是为了配合语义分割模型，因为在DeepLab模型会采用空洞卷积来平衡特征图空间大小。
在定义网络之前，我们使用一个简单的Op类，对网络结构进行配置：
_Op = namedtuple("Op", ['op', 'params', 'multiplier_func'])
def op(op_func, **params):
return _Op(op=op_func, params=params,
multiplier_func=_depth_multiplier_func)
CONV_DEF = [op(slim.conv2d, num_outputs=32, stride=2, kernel_size=3),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=16, expansion=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=24, stride=2),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=24, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=32, stride=2),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=32, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=32, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=64, stride=2),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=64, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=64, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=64, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=96, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=96, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=96, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=160, stride=2),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=160, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=160, stride=1),
op(expanded_conv, num_outputs=320, stride=1),
op(slim.conv2d, num_outputs=1280, stride=1, kernel_size=1),
]然后定义整个网络：
def mobilenetv2(x,
num_classes=1001,
depth_multiplier=1.0,
scope='MobilenetV2',
finegrain_classification_mode=False,
min_depth=8,
divisible_by=8,
output_stride=None,
):
"""Mobilenet v2
Args:
x: The input tensor
num_classes: number of classes
depth_multiplier: The multiplier applied to scale number of
channels in each layer. Note: this is called depth multiplier in the
paper but the name is kept for consistency with slim's model builder.
scope: Scope of the operator
finegrain_classification_mode: When set to True, the model
will keep the last layer large even for small multipliers.
The paper suggests that it improves performance for ImageNet-type of problems.
min_depth: If provided, will ensure that all layers will have that
many channels after application of depth multiplier.
divisible_by: If provided will ensure that all layers # channels
will be divisible by this number.
"""
conv_defs = CONV_DEF
# keep the last conv layer very larger channel
if finegrain_classification_mode:
conv_defs = copy.deepcopy(conv_defs)
if depth_multiplier < 1:
conv_defs[-1].params['num_outputs'] /= depth_multiplier
depth_args = {}
# NB: do not set depth_args unless they are provided to avoid overriding
# whatever default depth_multiplier might have thanks to arg_scope.
if min_depth is not None:
depth_args['min_depth'] = min_depth
if divisible_by is not None:
depth_args['divisible_by'] = divisible_by
with slim.arg_scope([_depth_multiplier_func], **depth_args):
with tf.variable_scope(scope, default_name='Mobilenet'):
# The current_stride variable keeps track of the output stride of the
# activations, i.e., the running product of convolution strides up to the
# current network layer. This allows us to invoke atrous convolution
# whenever applying the next convolution would result in the activations
# having output stride larger than the target output_stride.
current_stride = 1
# The atrous convolution rate parameter.
rate = 1
net = x
# Insert default parameters before the base scope which includes
# any custom overrides set in mobilenet.
end_points = {}
scopes = {}
for i, opdef in enumerate(conv_defs):
params = dict(opdef.params)
opdef.multiplier_func(params, depth_multiplier)
stride = params.get('stride', 1)
if output_stride is not None and current_stride == output_stride:
# If we have reached the target output_stride, then we need to employ
# atrous convolution with stride=1 and multiply the atrous rate by the
# current unit's stride for use in subsequent layers.
layer_stride = 1
layer_rate = rate
rate *= stride
else:
layer_stride = stride
layer_rate = 1
current_stride *= stride
# Update params.
params['stride'] = layer_stride
# Only insert rate to params if rate > 1.
if layer_rate > 1:
params['rate'] = layer_rate
try:
net = opdef.op(net, **params)
except Exception:
raise ValueError('Failed to create op %i: %r params: %r' % (i, opdef, params))
with tf.variable_scope('Logits'):
net = global_pool(net)
end_points['global_pool'] = net
if not num_classes:
return net, end_points
net = slim.dropout(net, scope='Dropout')
# 1 x 1 x num_classes
# Note: legacy scope name.
logits = slim.conv2d(
net,
num_classes, [1, 1],
activation_fn=None,
normalizer_fn=None,
biases_initializer=tf.zeros_initializer(),
scope='Conv2d_1c_1x1')
logits = tf.squeeze(logits, [1, 2])
return logits注意output_stride参数是配合语义分割模型，在DeepLab中output_stride取8或者16，它表示的是特征图最高下采样率，当超过这个值时，采用空洞卷积。
其它的模型超参数，我们可以通过slim的arg_scope来控制，这是slim框架我最喜欢的一个功能：
def mobilenet_arg_scope(is_training=True,
weight_decay=0.00004,
stddev=0.09,
dropout_keep_prob=0.8,
bn_decay=0.997):
"""Defines Mobilenet default arg scope.
Usage:
with tf.contrib.slim.arg_scope(mobilenet.training_scope()):
logits, endpoints = mobilenet_v2.mobilenet(input_tensor)
# the network created will be trainble with dropout/batch norm
# initialized appropriately.
Args:
is_training: if set to False this will ensure that all customizations are
set to non-training mode. This might be helpful for code that is reused
across both training/evaluation, but most of the time training_scope with
value False is not needed. If this is set to None, the parameters is not
added to the batch_norm arg_scope.
weight_decay: The weight decay to use for regularizing the model.
stddev: Standard deviation for initialization, if negative uses xavier.
dropout_keep_prob: dropout keep probability (not set if equals to None).
bn_decay: decay for the batch norm moving averages (not set if equals to
None).
Returns:
An argument scope to use via arg_scope.
"""
# Note: do not introduce parameters that would change the inference
# model here (for example whether to use bias), modify conv_def instead.
batch_norm_params = {
'center': True,
'scale': True,
'decay': bn_decay,
'is_training': is_training
}
if stddev < 0:
weight_intitializer = slim.initializers.xavier_initializer()
else:
weight_intitializer = tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=stddev)
# Set weight_decay for weights in Conv and FC layers.
with slim.arg_scope(
[slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected, slim.separable_conv2d],
weights_initializer=weight_intitializer,
normalizer_fn=slim.batch_norm,
activation_fn=tf.nn.relu6), \
slim.arg_scope([slim.batch_norm], **batch_norm_params), \
slim.arg_scope([slim.dropout], is_training=is_training,
keep_prob=dropout_keep_prob), \
slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.separable_conv2d],
biases_initializer=None,
padding="SAME"), \
slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d],
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)), \
slim.arg_scope([slim.separable_conv2d], weights_regularizer=None) as s:
return s最后可以通过如下代码测试模型（预训练模型官方实现中已经给出）：
inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.uint8, [None, None, 3])
images = tf.expand_dims(inputs, 0)
images = tf.cast(images, tf.float32) / 128. - 1
images.set_shape((None, None, None, 3))
images = tf.image.resize_images(images, (224, 224))
with slim.arg_scope(mobilenet_arg_scope(is_training=False)):
logits = mobilenetv2(images)
# Restore using exponential moving average since it produces (1.5-2%) higher
# accuracy
ema = tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage(0.999)
vars = ema.variables_to_restore()
saver = tf.train.Saver(vars)
print(len(tf.global_variables()))
for var in tf.global_variables():
print(var)
checkpoint_path = ""
image_file = ""
with tf.Session() as sess:
saver.restore(sess, checkpoint_path)
img = cv2.imread(image_file)
img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
print(np.argmax(sess.run(logits, feed_dict={inputs: img})[0]))整个实现代码可以见我的GitHub（xiaohu2015/DeepLearning_tutorials），欢迎star。
小结
这里比较简单地介绍了MobileNetv2，相比v1其核心区别就在于bottleneck和residual结构。但是，对于paper里面一些理论分析这里没有给出，感兴趣的可以自己啃一下。
参考
- MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks
- MobileNet version 2 （部分图来源这个blog）
- MobileNetv2的官方代码
码字不易，欢迎给个赞！
欢迎交流与转载，文章会同步发布在公众号：机器学习算法工程师(Jeemy110)
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