③ STM32基础学习— STM32时钟系统、通用输入输出

1 STM32时钟系统 -时钟系统框图

在 STM32 中，有五个时钟源，为 HSI、HSE、LSI、LSE、PLL。从时钟频率来分可以分为高速时钟源和低速时钟源，在这 5 个中 HIS，HSE 以及 PLL 是高速时钟，LSI 和 LSE 是低速时钟。从来源可分为外部时钟源和内部时钟源，外部时钟源就是从外部通过接晶振的方式获取时钟源，其中 HSE 和 LSE 是外部时钟源，其他的是内部时钟源。下面我们看看 STM32 的 5 个时钟源，我们讲解顺序是按图中红圈标示的顺序：

• HSI 是高速内部时钟，RC 振荡器，频率为 8MHz。
• HSE 是高速外部时钟，可接石英/陶瓷谐振器，或者接外部时钟源，频率范围为4MHz~16MHz。我们的开发板接的是 8M 的晶振。
• LSI 是低速内部时钟，RC 振荡器，频率为 40kHz。独立看门狗的时钟源只能是 LSI，同时 LSI 还可以作为 RTC 的时钟源。
• LSE 是低速外部时钟，接频率为 32.768kHz 的石英晶体。这个主要是 RTC 的时钟源。
• PLL 为锁相环倍频输出，其时钟输入源可选择为 HSI/2、HSE 或者 HSE/2。倍频可选择为2~16 倍，但是其输出频率最大不得超过 72MHz。

A ==>MCO 是 STM32 的一个时钟输出 IO(PA8)，它可以选择一个时钟信号输出，可以选择为 PLL 输出的 2 分频、HSI、HSE、或者系统时钟。这个时钟可以用来给外部其他系统提供时钟源。

B==>这里是 RTC 时钟源，从图上可以看出，RTC 的时钟源可以选择 LSI，LSE，以及HSE 的 128 分频。

C ==>从图中可以看出 C 处 USB 的时钟是来自 PLL 时钟源。STM32 中有一个全速功能的 USB 模块，其串行接口引擎需要一个频率为 48MHz 的时钟源。该时钟源只能从 PLL 输出端获取，可以选择为 1.5 分频或者 1 分频，也就是，当需要使用 USB模块时，PLL 必须使能，并且时钟频率配置为 48MHz 或 72MHz。

D ==>处就是 STM32 的系统时钟 SYSCLK，它是供 STM32 中绝大部分部件工作的时钟源。系统时钟可选择为 PLL 输出、HSI 或者 HSE。系统时钟最大频率为 72MHz，当然你也可以超频，不过一般情况为了系统稳定性是没有必要冒风险去超频的。

E==>这里的 E 处是指其他所有外设了。从时钟图上可以看出，其他所有外设的时钟最终来源都是 SYSCLK。SYSCLK 通过 AHB 分频器分频后送给各模块使用。这些

模块包括：

• AHB 总线、内核、内存和 DMA 使用的 HCLK 时钟。
• 通过 8 分频后送给 Cortex 的系统定时器时钟，也就是 systick 了。
• 直接送给 Cortex 的空闲运行时钟 FCLK。
• 送给 APB1 分频器。APB1 分频器输出一路供 APB1 外设使用(PCLK1，最大频率 36MHz)，另一路送给定时器(Timer)2、3、4 倍频器使用。
• 送给 APB2 分频器。APB2 分频器分频输出一路供 APB2 外设使用(PCLK2，最大频率 72MHz)，另一路送给定时器(Timer)1 倍频器使用。

1.1 系统时钟的时钟源

• HSI
• HSE
• PLL

1.1.1 外部低速时钟（LSE）

可以被选择作为RTC时钟源。

1.1.2 内部低速时钟（LSI）

一是作为独立看门狗时钟源，二是可以被选择作为RTC时钟源。

1.2 系统时钟sysclk

• PCLK1&TIM2-7

• PCLK最大是36MHz

1.3 PCLK2&ADC&TIM1&TIM8

2 STM32时钟系统—系统时钟初始化过程

2.1 在系统初始化前期

使能了内部高速时钟HSI

RCC‐>CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001;

• [26:24] = 000(b) MCO:没有时钟输出
• [10：8] = 000(b) HCLK不分频
• [7:4] =0000(b)SYSCLK不分频
• [3：2] = 00(b)SWS（SW状态标志位）
• [1：0] = 00(b) HSI作为系统时钟

/* Reset SW, HPRE, PPRE1, PPRE2, ADCPRE and MCO bits */
#ifndef STM32F10X_CL
RCC‐>CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF8FF0000;
#else
RCC‐>CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF0FF0000;
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

2.2 系统sysclk设置

• STM32 时钟系统的配置除了初始化的时候在 system_stm32f10x.c 中的 SystemInit()函数中外，其他的配置主要在 stm32f10x_rcc.c 文件中，里面有很多时钟设置函数，大家可以打开这个文件浏览一下，基本上看看函数的名称就知道这个函数的作用。

static void SetSysClock(void)
{
    #ifdef SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE
    SetSysClockToHSE();
    #elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz
    SetSysClockTo24();
    #elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz
    SetSysClockTo36();
    #elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz
    SetSysClockTo48();
    #elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz
    SetSysClockTo56(); 
    #elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz
    SetSysClockTo72();
    #endif
}

• 判断系统宏定义的时钟是多少，然后设置相应值。我们系统默认宏定义是 72MHz:

#define SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz 72000000

可以通过变量 SystemCoreClock 获取系统时钟值，如果系统是 72M 时钟，那么 SystemCoreClock=72000000。这是在 system_stm32f10x.c 文件

中设置的：

SystemInit()函数中设置的系统时钟大小：
SYSCLK（系统时钟） =72MHz
AHB 总线时钟(使用 SYSCLK) =72MHz
APB1 总线时钟(PCLK1) =36MHz
APB2 总线时钟(PCLK2) =72MHz
PLL 时钟 =72MHz

#ifdef SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE
 uint32_t SystemCoreClock = SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE; 
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz
 uint32_t SystemCoreClock = SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz; 
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz
 uint32_t SystemCoreClock = SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz; 
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz
 uint32_t SystemCoreClock = SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz; 
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz
 uint32_t SystemCoreClock = SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz; 
#else 
 uint32_t SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE; 
#endif

/* HCLK = SYSCLK */
RCC‐>CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

/* PCLK2 = HCLK */
RCC‐>CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

/* PCLK1 = HCLK */
RCC‐>CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;


/* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = HSE * 9 = 72 MHz */
RCC‐>CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE|RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
RCC‐>CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_HSE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9);

• 系统时钟源：PLL
• 选择外部高速晶振：8MHz
• 经过PLL倍频器9倍频后提供给sysclk = 8*9 = 72MHz
• HCLK没有对sysclk进行分频，所以HCLK = 72MHz
• PCLK1对HCLK进行2分频，所以PCLK1 = 36MHz
• PCLK2对HCLK没有进行分频，所以PCLK2 = 72MHz
• TIM2~~7：72MHz`
• TIM1和TIM8：72MHz

3 GPIO介绍

每个 IO 口可以自由编程，但 IO 口寄存器必须要按 32 位字被访问。STM32 的很多 IO 口都是 5V 兼容的，这些 IO 口在与 5V 电平的外设连接的时候很有优势，具体哪些 IO 口是 5V 兼容的，可以从该芯片的数据手册管脚描述章节查到（I/O Level 标 FT 的就是 5V 电平兼容的）。

在固件库中，GPIO 端口操作对应的库函数函数以及相关定义在文件stm32f10x_gpio.h 和 stm32f10x_gpio.c 中。STM32 的 IO 口相比 51 而言要复杂得多，所以使用起来也困难很多。首先 STM32 的 IO 口可以由软件配置成如下 8 种模式：

• 输入浮空
• 输入上拉
• 输入下拉
• 模拟输入
• 开漏输出
• 推挽输出
• 推挽式复用功能
• 开漏复用功能

STM32 的每个 IO 端口都有 7 个寄存器来控制。他们分别是：配置模式的 2 个 32 位的端口配置寄存器 CRL 和 CRH；2 个 32 位的数据寄存器 IDR 和 ODR；1 个 32 位的置位/复位寄存器BSRR；一个 16 位的复位寄存器 BRR；1 个 32 位的锁存寄存器 LCKR。

STM32 输出模式配置：

端口低配置寄存器 CRL：

该寄存器的复位值为 0X4444 4444，从图 6.1.4 可以看到，复位值其实就是配置端口为浮空输入模式。从上图还可以得出：STM32 的 CRL 控制着每组 IO 端口（A~G）的低 8 位的模式。每个 IO 端口的位占用 CRL 的 4 个位，高两位为 CNF，低两位为 MODE。这里我们可以记住几个常用的配置，比如 0X0 表示模拟输入模式（ADC 用）、0X3 表示推挽输出模式（做输出口用，50M 速率）、0X8 表示上/下拉输入模式（做输入口用）、0XB 表示复用输出（使用 IO 口的第二

功能，50M 速率）。

CRH 的作用和 CRL 完全一样，只是 CRL 控制的是低 8 位输出口，而 CRH 控制的是高 8位输出口。这里我们对 CRH 就不做详细介绍了。下面我们讲解一下怎样通过固件库设置 GPIO的相关参数和输出。

GPIO 相关的函数和定义分布在固件库文件 stm32f10x_gpio.c 和头文件 stm32f10x_gpio.h 文件中。

3.1 输入（Input）

• 浮空

• 模拟

• 上拉

• 下拉

3.2 输出（Output）

• 推挽

推挽输出有一定的驱动能力，可以真正的输出高低电平

• 开漏

实际是没有驱动能力的，想要驱动设备，需要外部有驱动电路支持

3.4 GPIO输出实例

==led.c==

//初始化PC13和PB5为输出口.并使能这两个口的时钟            
//LED IO初始化
void LED_Init(void)
{

 GPIO_InitTypeDef  GPIO_InitStructure;

 RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB|RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOC, ENABLE);     //使能PB,PC端口时钟

 GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_5;                 //LED1-->PB.5 端口配置
 GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP;          //推挽输出
 GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;         //IO口速度为50MHz
 GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStructure);                     //根据设定参数初始化GPIOB.5
 GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB,GPIO_Pin_5);                         //PB.5 输出高

 GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_13;                 //LED2-->PC.5 端口配置, 推挽输出
 GPIO_Init(GPIOC, &GPIO_InitStructure);                       //推挽输出 ，IO口速度为50MHz
 GPIO_SetBits(GPIOC,GPIO_Pin_13);                          //PC.5 输出高 
}

==main.c==

#include "sys.h"
#include "delay.h"
#include "usart.h"
#include "led.h"
int main(void)
{    
    delay_init();        //延时函数初始化      
    LED_Init();              //初始化与LED连接的硬件接口
    while(1)
    {
        LED1=0;
        LED2=1;
        delay_ms(300);     //延时300ms
        LED1=1;
        LED2=0;
        delay_ms(300);    //延时300ms
    }
}

代码放在最后面文件夹

3.5 GPIO固件库相关函数介绍

操作寄存器 CRH 和 CRL 来配置 IO 口的模式和速度是通过 GPIO 初始化函数：

void GPIO_Init(GPIO_TypeDef* GPIOx, GPIO_InitTypeDef* GPIO_InitStruct);

• 第一个参数是用来指定 GPIO，取值范围为 GPIOA~GPIOD
• 第二个参数为初始化参数结构体指针，结构体类型为 GPIO_InitTypeDef

typedef struct
{ 
    uint16_t GPIO_Pin; 
    GPIOSpeed_TypeDef GPIO_Speed; 
    GPIOMode_TypeDef GPIO_Mode; 
}GPIO_InitTypeDef;

==初始化结构体初始化 GPIO 的常用格式==

GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_5; //LED0-->PB.5 端口配置
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP; //推挽输出
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;//速度 50MHz
GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStructure);//根据设定参数配置 GPIO

这个的代码意思就是设置 GPIOB 的第 5 个端口为推挽输出模式，同时速度为 50M。

上面的8 个模式，在 MDK 中是通过一个枚举类型定义：

typedef enum
{ 
    GPIO_Mode_AIN = 0x0, //模拟输入
    GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING = 0x04, //浮空输入
    GPIO_Mode_IPD = 0x28, //下拉输入
    GPIO_Mode_IPU = 0x48, //上拉输入
    GPIO_Mode_Out_OD = 0x14, //开漏输出
    GPIO_Mode_Out_PP = 0x10, //通用推挽输出
    GPIO_Mode_AF_OD = 0x1C, //复用开漏输出
    GPIO_Mode_AF_PP = 0x18 //复用推挽
}GPIOMode_TypeDef;

system_stm32f10x.c HAL库 Code

#include "stm32f10x.h"

#if defined (STM32F10X_LD_VL) || (defined STM32F10X_MD_VL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
/* #define SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE    HSE_VALUE */
 #define SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz  24000000
#else
/* #define SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE    HSE_VALUE */
/* #define SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz  24000000 */ 
/* #define SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz  36000000 */
/* #define SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz  48000000 */
/* #define SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz  56000000 */
#define SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz  72000000
#endif

/*!< Uncomment the following line if you need to use external SRAM mounted
     on STM3210E-EVAL board (STM32 High density and XL-density devices) or on 
     STM32100E-EVAL board (STM32 High-density value line devices) as data memory */ 
#if defined (STM32F10X_HD) || (defined STM32F10X_XL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
/* #define DATA_IN_ExtSRAM */
#endif

/*!< Uncomment the following line if you need to relocate your vector Table in
     Internal SRAM. */ 
/* #define VECT_TAB_SRAM */
#define VECT_TAB_OFFSET  0x0 /*!< Vector Table base offset field. 
                                  This value must be a multiple of 0x200. */

/*******************************************************************************
*  Clock Definitions
*******************************************************************************/
#ifdef SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#else /*!< HSI Selected as System Clock source */
  uint32_t SystemCoreClock         = HSI_VALUE;        /*!< System Clock Frequency (Core Clock) */
#endif

__I uint8_t AHBPrescTable[16] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9};
/**
  * @}
  */

/** @addtogroup STM32F10x_System_Private_FunctionPrototypes
  * @{
  */

static void SetSysClock(void);

#ifdef SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE
  static void SetSysClockToHSE(void);
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz
  static void SetSysClockTo24(void);
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz
  static void SetSysClockTo36(void);
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz
  static void SetSysClockTo48(void);
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz
  static void SetSysClockTo56(void);  
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz
  static void SetSysClockTo72(void);
#endif

#ifdef DATA_IN_ExtSRAM
  static void SystemInit_ExtMemCtl(void); 
#endif /* DATA_IN_ExtSRAM */

/**
  * @brief  Setup the microcontroller system
  *         Initialize the Embedded Flash Interface, the PLL and update the 
  *         SystemCoreClock variable.
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemInit (void)
{
  /* Reset the RCC clock configuration to the default reset state(for debug purpose) */
  /* Set HSION bit */
  RCC->CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001;

  /* Reset SW, HPRE, PPRE1, PPRE2, ADCPRE and MCO bits */
#ifndef STM32F10X_CL
  RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF8FF0000;
#else
  RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF0FF0000;
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */   

  /* Reset HSEON, CSSON and PLLON bits */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFEF6FFFF;

  /* Reset HSEBYP bit */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFFFBFFFF;

  /* Reset PLLSRC, PLLXTPRE, PLLMUL and USBPRE/OTGFSPRE bits */
  RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xFF80FFFF;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
  /* Reset PLL2ON and PLL3ON bits */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xEBFFFFFF;

  /* Disable all interrupts and clear pending bits  */
  RCC->CIR = 0x00FF0000;

  /* Reset CFGR2 register */
  RCC->CFGR2 = 0x00000000;
#elif defined (STM32F10X_LD_VL) || defined (STM32F10X_MD_VL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
  /* Disable all interrupts and clear pending bits  */
  RCC->CIR = 0x009F0000;

  /* Reset CFGR2 register */
  RCC->CFGR2 = 0x00000000;      
#else
  /* Disable all interrupts and clear pending bits  */
  RCC->CIR = 0x009F0000;
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

#if defined (STM32F10X_HD) || (defined STM32F10X_XL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
  #ifdef DATA_IN_ExtSRAM
    SystemInit_ExtMemCtl(); 
  #endif /* DATA_IN_ExtSRAM */
#endif 

  /* Configure the System clock frequency, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 prescalers */
  /* Configure the Flash Latency cycles and enable prefetch buffer */
  SetSysClock();

#ifdef VECT_TAB_SRAM
  SCB->VTOR = SRAM_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal SRAM. */
#else
  SCB->VTOR = FLASH_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal FLASH. */
#endif 
}


void SystemCoreClockUpdate (void)
{
  uint32_t tmp = 0, pllmull = 0, pllsource = 0;

#ifdef  STM32F10X_CL
  uint32_t prediv1source = 0, prediv1factor = 0, prediv2factor = 0, pll2mull = 0;
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

#if defined (STM32F10X_LD_VL) || defined (STM32F10X_MD_VL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
  uint32_t prediv1factor = 0;
#endif /* STM32F10X_LD_VL or STM32F10X_MD_VL or STM32F10X_HD_VL */

  /* Get SYSCLK source -------------------------------------------------------*/
  tmp = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SWS;

  switch (tmp)
  {
    case 0x00:  /* HSI used as system clock */
      SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE;
      break;
    case 0x04:  /* HSE used as system clock */
      SystemCoreClock = HSE_VALUE;
      break;
    case 0x08:  /* PLL used as system clock */

      /* Get PLL clock source and multiplication factor ----------------------*/
      pllmull = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL;
      pllsource = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC;

#ifndef STM32F10X_CL      
      pllmull = ( pllmull >> 18) + 2;

      if (pllsource == 0x00)
      {
        /* HSI oscillator clock divided by 2 selected as PLL clock entry */
        SystemCoreClock = (HSI_VALUE >> 1) * pllmull;
      }
      else
      {
 #if defined (STM32F10X_LD_VL) || defined (STM32F10X_MD_VL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
       prediv1factor = (RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1) + 1;
       /* HSE oscillator clock selected as PREDIV1 clock entry */
       SystemCoreClock = (HSE_VALUE / prediv1factor) * pllmull; 
 #else
        /* HSE selected as PLL clock entry */
        if ((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE) != (uint32_t)RESET)
        {/* HSE oscillator clock divided by 2 */
          SystemCoreClock = (HSE_VALUE >> 1) * pllmull;
        }
        else
        {
          SystemCoreClock = HSE_VALUE * pllmull;
        }
 #endif
      }
#else
      pllmull = pllmull >> 18;

      if (pllmull != 0x0D)
      {
         pllmull += 2;
      }
      else
      { /* PLL multiplication factor = PLL input clock * 6.5 */
        pllmull = 13 / 2; 
      }

      if (pllsource == 0x00)
      {
        /* HSI oscillator clock divided by 2 selected as PLL clock entry */
        SystemCoreClock = (HSI_VALUE >> 1) * pllmull;
      }
      else
      {/* PREDIV1 selected as PLL clock entry */

        /* Get PREDIV1 clock source and division factor */
        prediv1source = RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC;
        prediv1factor = (RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1) + 1;

        if (prediv1source == 0)
        { 
          /* HSE oscillator clock selected as PREDIV1 clock entry */
          SystemCoreClock = (HSE_VALUE / prediv1factor) * pllmull;          
        }
        else
        {/* PLL2 clock selected as PREDIV1 clock entry */

          /* Get PREDIV2 division factor and PLL2 multiplication factor */
          prediv2factor = ((RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2) >> 4) + 1;
          pll2mull = ((RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL) >> 8 ) + 2; 
          SystemCoreClock = (((HSE_VALUE / prediv2factor) * pll2mull) / prediv1factor) * pllmull;                         
        }
      }
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */ 
      break;

    default:
      SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE;
      break;
  }

  /* Compute HCLK clock frequency ----------------*/
  /* Get HCLK prescaler */
  tmp = AHBPrescTable[((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_HPRE) >> 4)];
  /* HCLK clock frequency */
  SystemCoreClock >>= tmp;  
}

/**
  * @brief  Configures the System clock frequency, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 prescalers.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClock(void)
{
#ifdef SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE
  SetSysClockToHSE();
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz
  SetSysClockTo24();
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz
  SetSysClockTo36();
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz
  SetSysClockTo48();
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz
  SetSysClockTo56();  
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz
  SetSysClockTo72();
#endif

#ifdef DATA_IN_ExtSRAM
/**
  * @brief  Setup the external memory controller. 
  *         Called in startup_stm32f10x_xx.s/.c before jump to main.
  *           This function configures the external SRAM mounted on STM3210E-EVAL
  *         board (STM32 High density devices). This SRAM will be used as program
  *         data memory (including heap and stack).
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */ 
void SystemInit_ExtMemCtl(void) 
{
/*!< FSMC Bank1 NOR/SRAM3 is used for the STM3210E-EVAL, if another Bank is 
  required, then adjust the Register Addresses */

  /* Enable FSMC clock */
  RCC->AHBENR = 0x00000114;

  /* Enable GPIOD, GPIOE, GPIOF and GPIOG clocks */  
  RCC->APB2ENR = 0x000001E0;

/* ---------------  SRAM Data lines, NOE and NWE configuration ---------------*/
/*----------------  SRAM Address lines configuration -------------------------*/
/*----------------  NOE and NWE configuration --------------------------------*/  
/*----------------  NE3 configuration ----------------------------------------*/
/*----------------  NBL0, NBL1 configuration ---------------------------------*/

  GPIOD->CRL = 0x44BB44BB;  
  GPIOD->CRH = 0xBBBBBBBB;

  GPIOE->CRL = 0xB44444BB;  
  GPIOE->CRH = 0xBBBBBBBB;

  GPIOF->CRL = 0x44BBBBBB;  
  GPIOF->CRH = 0xBBBB4444;

  GPIOG->CRL = 0x44BBBBBB;  
  GPIOG->CRH = 0x44444B44;

/*----------------  FSMC Configuration ---------------------------------------*/  
/*----------------  Enable FSMC Bank1_SRAM Bank ------------------------------*/

  FSMC_Bank1->BTCR[4] = 0x00001011;
  FSMC_Bank1->BTCR[5] = 0x00000200;
}
#endif /* DATA_IN_ExtSRAM */

#ifdef SYSCLK_FREQ_HSE
/**
  * @brief  Selects HSE as System clock source and configure HCLK, PCLK2
  *         and PCLK1 prescalers.
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClockToHSE(void)
{
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;

  /* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration ---------------------------*/    
  /* Enable HSE */    
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);

  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;  
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }  

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {

#if !defined STM32F10X_LD_VL && !defined STM32F10X_MD_VL && !defined STM32F10X_HD_VL
    /* Enable Prefetch Buffer */
    FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE;

    /* Flash 0 wait state */
    FLASH->ACR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);

#ifndef STM32F10X_CL
    FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_0;
#else
    if (HSE_VALUE <= 24000000)
    {
      FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_0;
    }
    else
    {
      FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_1;
    }
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */
#endif

    /* HCLK = SYSCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

    /* PCLK2 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

    /* PCLK1 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV1;

    /* Select HSE as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_HSE;    

    /* Wait till HSE is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)0x04)
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock 
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  }  
}
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_24MHz
/**
  * @brief  Sets System clock frequency to 24MHz and configure HCLK, PCLK2 
  *         and PCLK1 prescalers.
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClockTo24(void)
{
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;

  /* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration ---------------------------*/    
  /* Enable HSE */    
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);

  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;  
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }  

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {
#if !defined STM32F10X_LD_VL && !defined STM32F10X_MD_VL && !defined STM32F10X_HD_VL 
    /* Enable Prefetch Buffer */
    FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE;

    /* Flash 0 wait state */
    FLASH->ACR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);
    FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_0;    
#endif

    /* HCLK = SYSCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

    /* PCLK2 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

    /* PCLK1 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV1;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
    /* Configure PLLs ------------------------------------------------------*/
    /* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = PREDIV1 * 6 = 24 MHz */ 
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL);
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | 
                            RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL6); 

    /* PLL2 configuration: PLL2CLK = (HSE / 5) * 8 = 40 MHz */
    /* PREDIV1 configuration: PREDIV1CLK = PLL2 / 10 = 4 MHz */       
    RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL |
                              RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC);
    RCC->CFGR2 |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2_DIV5 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL8 |
                             RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC_PLL2 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1_DIV10);

    /* Enable PLL2 */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLL2ON;
    /* Wait till PLL2 is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLL2RDY) == 0)
    {
    }   
#elif defined (STM32F10X_LD_VL) || defined (STM32F10X_MD_VL) || defined (STM32F10X_HD_VL)
    /*  PLL configuration:  = (HSE / 2) * 6 = 24 MHz */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1_Div2 | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL6);
#else    
    /*  PLL configuration:  = (HSE / 2) * 6 = 24 MHz */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_HSE | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_HSE_Div2 | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL6);
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

    /* Enable PLL */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

    /* Wait till PLL is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
    {
    }

    /* Select PLL as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;    

    /* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)0x08)
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock 
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  } 
}
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_36MHz
/**
  * @brief  Sets System clock frequency to 36MHz and configure HCLK, PCLK2 
  *         and PCLK1 prescalers. 
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClockTo36(void)
{
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;

  /* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration ---------------------------*/    
  /* Enable HSE */    
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);

  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;  
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }  

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {
    /* Enable Prefetch Buffer */
    FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE;

    /* Flash 1 wait state */
    FLASH->ACR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);
    FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_1;    

    /* HCLK = SYSCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

    /* PCLK2 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

    /* PCLK1 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV1;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
    /* Configure PLLs ------------------------------------------------------*/

    /* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = PREDIV1 * 9 = 36 MHz */ 
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL);
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | 
                            RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9); 

    /*!< PLL2 configuration: PLL2CLK = (HSE / 5) * 8 = 40 MHz */
    /* PREDIV1 configuration: PREDIV1CLK = PLL2 / 10 = 4 MHz */

    RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL |
                              RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC);
    RCC->CFGR2 |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2_DIV5 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL8 |
                             RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC_PLL2 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1_DIV10);

    /* Enable PLL2 */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLL2ON;
    /* Wait till PLL2 is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLL2RDY) == 0)
    {
    }

#else    
    /*  PLL configuration: PLLCLK = (HSE / 2) * 9 = 36 MHz */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_HSE | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_HSE_Div2 | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9);
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

    /* Enable PLL */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

    /* Wait till PLL is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
    {
    }

    /* Select PLL as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;    

    /* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)0x08)
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock 
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  } 
}
#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_48MHz
/**
  * @brief  Sets System clock frequency to 48MHz and configure HCLK, PCLK2 
  *         and PCLK1 prescalers. 
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClockTo48(void)
{
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;

  /* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration ---------------------------*/    
  /* Enable HSE */    
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);

  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;  
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }  

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {
    /* Enable Prefetch Buffer */
    FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE;

    /* Flash 1 wait state */
    FLASH->ACR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);
    FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_1;    

    /* HCLK = SYSCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

    /* PCLK2 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

    /* PCLK1 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
    /* Configure PLLs ------------------------------------------------------*/
    /* PLL2 configuration: PLL2CLK = (HSE / 5) * 8 = 40 MHz */
    /* PREDIV1 configuration: PREDIV1CLK = PLL2 / 5 = 8 MHz */

    RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL |
                              RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC);
    RCC->CFGR2 |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2_DIV5 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL8 |
                             RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC_PLL2 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1_DIV5);

    /* Enable PLL2 */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLL2ON;
    /* Wait till PLL2 is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLL2RDY) == 0)
    {
    }


    /* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = PREDIV1 * 6 = 48 MHz */ 
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL);
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | 
                            RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL6); 
#else    
    /*  PLL configuration: PLLCLK = HSE * 6 = 48 MHz */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_HSE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL6);
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

    /* Enable PLL */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

    /* Wait till PLL is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
    {
    }

    /* Select PLL as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;    

    /* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)0x08)
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock 
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  } 
}

#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_56MHz
/**
  * @brief  Sets System clock frequency to 56MHz and configure HCLK, PCLK2 
  *         and PCLK1 prescalers. 
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClockTo56(void)
{
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;

  /* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration ---------------------------*/   
  /* Enable HSE */    
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);

  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;  
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }  

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {
    /* Enable Prefetch Buffer */
    FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE;

    /* Flash 2 wait state */
    FLASH->ACR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);
    FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_2;    

    /* HCLK = SYSCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

    /* PCLK2 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

    /* PCLK1 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
    /* Configure PLLs ------------------------------------------------------*/
    /* PLL2 configuration: PLL2CLK = (HSE / 5) * 8 = 40 MHz */
    /* PREDIV1 configuration: PREDIV1CLK = PLL2 / 5 = 8 MHz */

    RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL |
                              RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC);
    RCC->CFGR2 |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2_DIV5 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL8 |
                             RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC_PLL2 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1_DIV5);

    /* Enable PLL2 */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLL2ON;
    /* Wait till PLL2 is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLL2RDY) == 0)
    {
    }


    /* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = PREDIV1 * 7 = 56 MHz */ 
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL);
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | 
                            RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL7); 
#else     
    /* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = HSE * 7 = 56 MHz */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_HSE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL7);

#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

    /* Enable PLL */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

    /* Wait till PLL is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
    {
    }

    /* Select PLL as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;    

    /* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)0x08)
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock 
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  } 
}

#elif defined SYSCLK_FREQ_72MHz
/**
  * @brief  Sets System clock frequency to 72MHz and configure HCLK, PCLK2 
  *         and PCLK1 prescalers. 
  * @note   This function should be used only after reset.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
static void SetSysClockTo72(void)
{
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;

  /* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration ---------------------------*/    
  /* Enable HSE */    
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);

  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;  
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }  

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {
    /* Enable Prefetch Buffer */
    FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE;

    /* Flash 2 wait state */
    FLASH->ACR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);
    FLASH->ACR |= (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_2;    


    /* HCLK = SYSCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

    /* PCLK2 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;

    /* PCLK1 = HCLK */
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
    /* Configure PLLs ------------------------------------------------------*/
    /* PLL2 configuration: PLL2CLK = (HSE / 5) * 8 = 40 MHz */
    /* PREDIV1 configuration: PREDIV1CLK = PLL2 / 5 = 8 MHz */

    RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL |
                              RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC);
    RCC->CFGR2 |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV2_DIV5 | RCC_CFGR2_PLL2MUL8 |
                             RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1SRC_PLL2 | RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1_DIV5);

    /* Enable PLL2 */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLL2ON;
    /* Wait till PLL2 is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLL2RDY) == 0)
    {
    }


    /* PLL configuration: PLLCLK = PREDIV1 * 9 = 72 MHz */ 
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL);
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | 
                            RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9); 
#else    
    /*  PLL configuration: PLLCLK = HSE * 9 = 72 MHz */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE |
                                        RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_HSE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9);
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */

    /* Enable PLL */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

    /* Wait till PLL is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
    {
    }

    /* Select PLL as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;    

    /* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)0x08)
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock 
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  }
}
#endif